Description And Description Of The Vaccine Formulation

4.2.1 Physical approaches As previously reviewed, penetration of substances in the skin is restricted by the SC which acts as a physical barrier, so the topical application of the vaccine formulation alone limits its transport across the skin and thus sufficient immune response is not achieved. Various physical approaches such as electroporation, iontophoresis, abrasions, tape stripping, sonophoresis, micro needles etc have been investigated to increase the penetration of substances across the skin by disrupting SC. Another approach to bypass the barrier function of SC is application of microneedles [53]. A microneedle array contains many micrometer-sized needles that can create a transport pathway large enough for proteins and NPs, but small sufficient to avoid harm [54,55]. Tape-stripping method has been shown to enhance cytotoxic T cell and cytokine immune responses upon subsequent application of various antigens and adjuvants to the skin in mice [56]. Similarly electrode preparation pads, emery paper, rub bing gauze or pumice on the skin removes cells by their abrasive effects and have been found to enhance immune responses in humans [57]. Mild hyperthermia with abrasion enhances transport of antigen into the skin, present it to LCs, migration of activated LCs to lymph nodes and trigger cascade of immune system. 4.2.2 Application of chemical enhancer in transcutenous vaccination Chemical moiety which reduces the barrier function of the stratum corneum is known asShow MoreRelatedSample Resume : Influenza Virus Vaccine918 Words   |  4 PagesName: Influenza Virus Vaccine Trade name: FLUCELVAX ®1 Product Sponsor: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc.1 Regulatory milestones: 1) BLA submission: November 22, 20111 2) First pre-BLA meeting: July 31, 20071 3) The original BLA submitted in February 2009 was withdrawn to include the results of the clinical endpoint study.1 4) Second pre-BLA meeting: December 15, 20101 5) BLA Approval: November 20, 2012 Pharmacologic Class: Vaccine Introduction and description of the product: FLUCELVAX ®Read MoreStrategies Management Of Pharmaceutical Company1521 Words   |  7 PagesStrategies Management of Pharmaceutical Company GSK (GLASO Smith) Strategies Formulation Introduction GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) is a British multinational shopper medicinal services, antibodies, biologics and pharmaceutical organization. It is a fifth positioning FTSE 100 Company taking into account market capitalization as at shut on 27th July 2012 (Morning Star, 2012). It was built up in the year 2000 by the merger of Glaxo Wellcom plc and SmithKline Beecham plc and has its home office in LondonRead MoreBanana Vaccines : Eat Up Your Vaccines1895 Words   |  8 Pages BANANA VACCINES – EAT UP YOUR VACCINES by Group I Brett Eaker, Deepa Thamodaran, Kevin George, Mamud Mansaray Theresa Hoang A group project submitted for BIOT 640 9020 Societal Issues in Biotechnology (2155) UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE Adelphi, MD 20783 Summer 2015 BANANA VACCINES – EAT UP YOUR VACCINES (Introduction) Risk Assessment and Testing Risk assessment is a process to identify potential hazardous components, analyze dose-response relationship, evaluatingRead MoreInformed Consent2410 Words   |  10 Pagesindefinitely and that is what sets them apart from other cell lines. HeLa cells have been used in various important medical research, i.e. cancer research, culturing and growing cells, cloning, gene mapping, and development of vaccines. The most recognized vaccine created is the polio vaccine. HeLa cells also helped found or create the field of Virology – the study of viruses. However, Henrietta Lacks’ and her HeLa cells story is far more about her contribution to medical research, it was about the unethicalRead MoreGlaxosmithkline18561 Words   |  75 PagesGlaxoSmithKline company profile Francis Weyzig Amsterdam, October 2004 Summary Business description GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the world’s largest research-based pharmaceutical corporations that discovers, develops, manufactures and markets branded human health products. Headquarters: UK, with additional operational headquarters in the USA Global presence: about 160 countries Primary markets: USA, France, Germany, UK, Italy and Japan Employees: approximately 103,000 GSK key figuresRead MoreMergers Acquisitions in Pharma Industry21425 Words   |  86 Pages Table of Contents: Declaration Abstract Part I –Introduction Research Objective and justifications Report Outline Part-II Industry Description GSK-The Big Picture Factors for success in India References Part-III Literature review Chapter One –Merger: An Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Main Idea 1.3 Types of Merger 1.4 Reasons for International Mamp;A Read MoreHog Raising7286 Words   |  30 Pagesinner thighs or tail * Death ensues 4-7 days after onset of signs * Prolonged duration of illness (chronic form) terminates in pneumonia or hemorhagic enteritis, or both PREVENTION AND CONTROL * Vaccinate all pigs against the disease using a reliable vaccine, weaning at one week before or after weaning; sows and boars, every six months. * Dispose all pigs known to have the disease. Disinfect contaminated pens and premises properly. * Avoid giving uncooked slops or kitchen scraps to pigs which are commonRead MoreIssues of Clinical Trials in India by Vallinadh Karamcheti2573 Words   |  11 Pageselimination (ADME studies) in laboratory animals. †¢ Chemical and pharmaceutical development to assess the feasibility of large-scale synthesis and purification, to assess the stability of the compound under various conditions, and to develop a formulation suitable for clinical studies. Much of the work of preclinical development, especially that relating to safety issues, is done under a formal operating code, known as Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). The aim of GLP is to eliminate human errorRead MoreQuit Smoking Case Study Essay4989 Words   |  20 Pageshealth  status  of the patient. See the image below. After the assessment, intervene with education and advice. [pic]Smoking cessation strategies for clinicians. Educate patients about the benefits of smoking cessation and the cessation process. Provide a description of the expected withdrawal syndrome. Continue with a discussion of the possible cessation methods, which include counseling, nicotine replacement, antidepressant medications, behavioral training, group therapy, hypnosis, and quitting cold turkeyRead MoreOligopolies and Monopolistic Competition - Grifols/Talecris Merger2115 Words   |  9 PagesWilliams Abstract The purpose of this report is to assess the impact of mergers on industry, on consumers, and on society as a whole and more specifically, the Grifols/Talecris Merger in the plasma-derived pharmaceutical industry. A complete description of the industry is discussed in depth. Part II discusses arguments in support of the merger and opposing the merger. Grifols purchased Talecris in 2009, creating a merger which did not come without strict opposition. Supporting references assist

Essay about The Tragic Treatment of Women in Othello

The Tragic Treatment of Women in Othello In Shakespeares drama, Othello, there are many different relationships among the main characters. The way that Shakespeare portrays these relationships sets the stage for the pain and deceit that unfolds within the play. Relations between the men of the play, Othello, Roderigo, Iago, and Cassio, undoubtedly form the main theme. Furthermore, each of the men, except Roderigo, also has woman that stands behind and cares for him. But the manor in which these women are treated is why the story ends on such a tragic note. After a careful analysis of the women, Desdemona, Emilia, and Bianca, one can see that much of the tragedy could have been avoided if only the men would have given them a chance†¦show more content†¦So, early in the play there is evidence that women are not treated equally, and thought to be incapable of making decisions that effect their own life. Desdemona is brought in by her father to the court to be questioned for her actions, she replies with utter respect to her father, but devotion to her husband To you I am bound for life and education / I am hither to your daughter. But here is my husband. And so much duty as my mother showed to you, preferring you before her father (1.3.184-190). In other words, she is grateful to her father for what he has given to her but will stand by the side of her husband. She does not hesitate to defend her husband in front of her father. This shows she has a strong inner will and is very capable of making her own decisions, a quality that Othello makes the grave mistake of ignoring. Despite the set backs in Venice, Othello and Desdemona are deeply in love and things seem to be even better when they arrive in Cyprus. Othello publicly proclaims his love for her when they meet there: Othello. It gives me wonder great as my content to see you here before me. O my souls joy, If after every tempest come such calms, may the wind blow til they have wakened death. And let the laboring bark climb hills of seas Olympus high, and duck again as low as hells from heaven! If it were now to die, Twere now to be most happy, for I fear my soul hat her content so absolute that not another comfort like to this.Show MoreRelatedTo What Extent Is Desdemona Presented as a Tragic Victim in Othello?1489 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent is Desdemona presented as a tragic victim in the play ‘Othello’? Desdemona, the daughter of Venetian senator Brabantio, is captivated by Othello’s fables of bravery as a warrior and she falls in love with him. In view of the fact that Desdemona is a â€Å"fair† woman and Othello is â€Å"an old black ram†, commonly referred to as ‘the Moor’, their marriage indicates that her fate might be tragic. In ‘Othello’, Desdemona is portrayed as a courageous young woman whose character is used againstRead MoreEssay about A Feminist Analysis of Othello1741 Words   |  7 PagesA Feminist Analysis of Othello  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello there are numerous instances of obvious sexism aimed at the three women in the drama -- Desdemona, Emilia and Bianca – and aimed at womankind generally. Let us delve into this subject in this paper. In the essay â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello† Robert B. Heilman discusses a scene which occurs late in the play and which is sexist: When Othello summons Desdemona and dismisses Emilia, â€Å"Leave procreantsRead MoreOthello Feminist Analysis1611 Words   |  7 PagesOthello, by William Shakespeare is well known for its richness in literary content and elements pertinent to societal ideas. Moreover, women are portrayed in Othello in ways that confirm, but also contradict their treatment in Shakespeare’s time. Both female action and language represent these ideas such as expectations for a wife and expectations for how a woman is to act. That said, there are many other lines spoken by these characters that defy the expectations placed on women at time. OverallRead MoreEssay about The Impact of Gender on Shakespeares Othello 1376 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare’s Othello In the book â€Å"Gender Trouble† (1990), feminist theorist Judith Butler explains â€Å"gender is not only a social construct, but also a kind of performance such as a show we put on, a costume or disguise we wear† (Butler). In other words, gender is a performance, an act, and costumes, not the main aspect of essential identity. By understanding this theory of gender as an act, performance, we can see how gender has greatly impacted the outcome of the play in William Shakespeare’s Othello. FromRead MoreOthello By William Shakespeare s Othello1893 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s tragedy Othello deals with various issues in the tragic vein of tragedies such as Hamlet and King Lear. Marriage and associated issues stands out as a key theme and preoccupation in Othello. In Othello, various issues such as race, patriarchal attitudes and other general human frailties complicate marriages. Shakespeare portrays marriage in a very bleak light. In the beginning of the play, we see that marriage is not only a union of man and his wife but also involves various familialRead MoreWhat Way Would A Modern Audience React To The Way Race And Racism Is Portrayed In Othello?1725 Words   |  7 PagesIn the Sixteenth century, as we see clearly from Othello and other works of both Shakespeare and Cinthios original version of Othello, race was a topic of great debate and discussion. Today, in the twenty-first century the debate retains its controversy and passion. However, attitudes towards race have taken a dramatic turn during the last century. In the developed world people are now living in an increasingly cosmopolitan society would undoubtedly be more tolerant and would reject or even be offendedRead MoreLiterary Scholarship And Criticism Of Shakespeare s The Invention Of The Human 1309 Words   |  6 Pagesable to express himself more vividly and memorably than anyone else in the language† (p. 7). J.J.M. Tobin’s three components of Shakespeare’s artistry will serve as the anchors for exploring how four of Shakespeare’s prominent tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, and King Lear, demonstrate the faculty of Shakespeare’s expertise. Through the lens of Tobin’s analytical â€Å"ebullition† of Shakespeare’s work, this paper seeks to expand and qualify the magnetic aura that is Shakespeare; his ability to breathRead MoreEssay On Women In Othello And Wilsons Fences1386 Words   |  6 PagesIn both Shakespeare’s play Othello and Wilson’s Fences women can be seen as victims to men but have their strong moments, however men’s identities are sometimes dependent of their women. Focusing around the main women in these two plays you can see the strong similarities in the societal perspective on women. In Othello and Fences both marriages of the main characters face a demise, but in both relationships the women were the back bone of the marriage not caring about their husband’s backgroundsRead MoreTheme Of Feminism In Othello1006 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s Othello, however, carries a theme that ultimately leads to the demise of its secondary heroin, Emilia. Was Emilia’s feminism-forward outspokenness against Othello’s patriarchal society worth her paying the ultimate price? Yes. Emilia is the handmaiden to the wife of Othello, Desdemona, and the wife of the story’s antagonist, Iago. Emilia frequently spends abundant amounts of time with Desdemona, so it is only natural that these two women would discuss topics that only women of the VenetianRead MoreOthering Frankenstein Essay1887 Words   |  8 Pagesalterity, class, and gender as aspects of othering. Shelley’s exploration of these ideas allows for various readings of the text, including post-colonialist, Marxist, and feminist critiques. These ideas and readings are also seen within the text Othello by William Shakespeare. The creation of the ‘other’ can be seen throughout human history as a way of distinguishing groups based on arbitrary criteria. It is used by societies in order to an â€Å"us† and â€Å"them†. Edward Said describes the term othering

Academic Research and Communication Skills Free Essays

The research study could not be completed without their guidance, assistance inspiration and co-operation. This project report is the fruit of intense hard work and dedication during the project work. I wish to thank our project supervisor Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Academic Research and Communication Skills or any similar topic only for you Order Now . Fanfare Imam for his esteemed guidance during the course of project work. I am grateful to him for giving me an insight Into the realm of Academic Research and Communication Skills and build up a strong foundation. In spite of his busy schedule, he was always available whenever I required help. I appreciate all the technical help received from various sources. ABSTRACT The first and most objective of my study is the comparative analysis of consumer eying behavior from the local traditional markets and organized retail shops in India specifically Iambi. The study of consumer behavior is the most important factor for marketing of any goods and services. It suggests how an individual, groups and organization select ,buy, use and dispose the goods, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants. The term ‘retail’ means to put on the market, and Is a very Important aspect of every city. Without a well organized retail industry we would not have our necessities and brings us a blissful experience of shopping. Though organized retailing industry began much earlier in the developed nations, India had not actively participated. However with its vast expanse and young population, India in the 21st century emerges as a highly potential retail market. Now-a-days the phrase ‘Shopping Mall’ is synonymous to ‘comfort’ which is what each consumer today desires. How to cite Academic Research and Communication Skills, Essays

Payroll system and File Sharing for Child Protection Board

Question: Discuss about the Payroll system and File Sharing for Child Protection Board. Answer: Introduction Sydney based Child Protection board is one of the most popular social enterprises in that area. It also has branches in Brisbane and Melbourne, Australia. Their payroll system is currently managed by the staff of the organization. And, the payroll system they use is completely manual. It is currently handled over Excel files and data is exchanges with the help of Dropbox. Over the time, their payroll system have been getting burdened by newer and complex requirements which have been leading them to hire most staff to handle the increased work. There have also been huge amount of data being generated for this which is becoming difficult to handle by the team manually. To help them do their work effectively there is an urgent requirement of digital payroll solution. The Management would prefer a cloud platform over local platform to keep the cost low for the transition. Another key process File Sharing is another area for which they are looking for cloud based digital solution is File Sharing. In this report different cloud based payroll options and file sharing options would be explored apprehend cloud based systems security implications for Child Protection Board. Following analysis will assist the board take call on the Cloud based solutions for Payroll system and File sharing for Child Protection Board and its deployment for them. Cloud delivery - Deployment modules For the requirements of Child protection Board PaaS model for cloud deployment is advised as this will be easier for them to develop as well as modify it later as per their future requirements and needs. With this their file sending, application testing and development of outlines would be very streamlined. There are several other benefits also that they would have access to are cost adequacy, better security, more uptime and better software adaptability. Apart from this it is also advised that the model is deployed over private cloud that can be operated remotely. With this organisation would be able to achieve far better security system, better customization and will also get dedicated assets. (CSA, 2011). Impact on the current staff There are several other benefits that the cloud based service model would be extending to the existing staff of Child Protection Board which includes: This will enable employees to work even from outside the office. As its services would be readily accessible online. This in turn improve their productivity (Bughin, et al., 2011). Another advantage of could system is that the company data will be stored over cloud. And, thus the data will never be lost and would remain unharmed therefor, safe even in case of local computers or equipment getting damaged or in the case of local data getting lost. With digitization many manual operations that the staffs are doing currently will become automated. Thus, works will be faster and easier for the employees. Exchange of documents will be faster and easier with the help of cloud based solution. This will also felicitate integration with external centres for file sharing. Cloud vendors Payroll Services Solution Payment Model Optus Ninefold Cloud Central Cloud GB Storage based payment model $0.3 per hour at start $0.092 per hour at start Storage Allowance CPU per hour payment model $0.0175 per hour at start $0.002 per hour at start $0.025 per hour at start Data Exchange Type of Solution Xero- Operating cost MYOB- Operating cost Intuit QuickBooks- Operating cost Basic $9 per month $50 per month $12 per month Advanced /Premium $70 per month $99 per $21 per month Information security One of the key concerns for any of the data driven solutions especially over the cloud system, used by an organization is Security of their data. With the advent of cloud based system there has also been a rise in incidents of the data theft over cloud. Many bigger as well as smaller companies have fallen victim to their data falling in the hands of wrong people. Stolen data can be misused by the miscreants and at times it costs the victim organisation dearly. Therefore, it is essential that the information security levels of the cloud vendors are explored to make a choice for the desired solution. Security features of the various solution providers are listed and compared below: Cloud Based Solution Security Features Nine Fold Macquarie cloud services have recently acquired. They have locally data centers and they make sure to man and protect their systems physically. (Macquarie Telecom , 2016). Intuit QuickBooks They provide a 24 hours solution for data protection. This is achieved through a monitoring tool that is automated and which also keeps checking the servers performance for its optimum uses. There is a committed staff available round the clock especially for alarm management and video scrutiny in case of any incident of data breaches. They also provide a fully automated off-site means to store and create data backups. Apart from this, all activity of users logging in to system is assessed and recorded with the help of their in house developed ingenuous features like Audit trail and Always-On Activity Logging(Intuit QuickBooks, 2014). XERO Best feature of the services provided by Xero is that their servers are physically taken care of and are protected round the clock by 24 hour security guards, biometric systems and authorized staff. Specialists regularly audit the security of cloud and submit the reviewed and audited reports to continuously improve the system. Cloud can be accessed through a two factor rigorous authentication processes that involves password based log as well as authenticator code generated on the smartphone app of the authorized user. Apart from these, the company also delivers multi-layered security through protection systems, firewalls, intrusion detection and routers(Xero, 2016). MYOB A user Account feature developed by AccountRight is used by MYOB to implement strong password protection. Under this, their administrator has option to decide on the rights of every users according to the tasks that are to be performed apart from the files that needs to be accessed(MYOB, 2016). System also allows uses to prevent unauthorized changes made in the files by locking of important company files and documents stored its online server(MYOB, 2016). Cloud Central Cloud Central uses a secure private system for the purpose of file sharing between ports over the cloud. They provide an access which is at full root level so that the company or organization has a thorough control over the data used by all stakeholders and also over various processes that are carried over the cloud system (CloudCentral, 2016). Optus Optus offers complete end-to-end security options and solutions which can be purchased separately. It has a 6 security levels which includes detection and prevention, firewall protection, content security, intrusion, secure remote access, application control, site-to-site VPN, and anti-virus. They provide next generation firewall with provisions like address translations, stateful inspection, central administrative traffic, audit logs, anti-spoofing and high level layer filters. Apart from security assurance, they also offer a complete performance reports which comprises basic intelligences on systems uptime, memory usage, CPU usage, etc., network security reports, IPS reports, user activity reports and reports for URL filtering(Optus, 2016). Basis the evaluation of different cloud based systems, Intuit QuickBooks is suggested due to its low cost as well as its good security features for the purpose of file sharing and payroll management. For payroll services, lowest costing Ninefold was also considered but this is acquired by another firm and is probably being discontinued. The next most suitable option can be Optus which is also available at lower price. This also offers some advanced security features and options. References Bughin, J., Corb, L., Manyika, J., Nottebohm, O., Chui, M., Barbat, B. d., Said, R. (2011). The impact of Internet technologies: Search. McKinsey Company. Macquarie Telecom . (2016, September 13). Private Cloud. This ones just for you. Retrieved from Macquarie Cloud Services: https://macquariecloudservices.com/private-cloud/ CloudCentral. (2016, September 13). Cloud Servers. Retrieved from Cloud Central: https://www.cloudcentral.com.au/products/infrastructure-as-a-service/cloud-servers/ CSA. (2011). SECURITY GUIDANCE FOR CRITICAL AREAS OF FOCUS IN CLOUD COMPUTING V3.0. CSA. MYOB. (2016, September 13). Company file security. Retrieved from MYOB: https://help.myob.com/wiki/display/ar/Company+file+security Intuit QuickBooks. (2014). Security you can trust7 reasons to believe. Intuit QuickBooks. MYOB. (2016, September 13). Protecting your confidential information. Retrieved from MYOB: https://myob.com.au/myob/australia/myob-security-recommendations-1257829253909 Xero. (2016, September 13). Your data is safe with multiple layers of security. Retrieved from Xero: https://www.xero.com/accounting-software/security/ Optus. (2016). Security in the cloud. Optus.

South Africa-Segregation Essays - South Africa, Politics

South Africa-Segregation South Africa-Segregation Discrimination against nonwhites was inherent in South African society from the earliest days. Since the British settled in South Africa in 1795 there has been social, economic, and political exclusion, being ruled by whites despite the fact that whites held about 10% of the population. (Msft. Encarta) Segregation and inequality between whites and other races had existed as a matter of custom and practice, but after 1948 these practices were made into laws that would not be changed easily. These new laws marked the start of apartheid as the country's official policy as well as the start of the National Party's reign of power. The National Party stressed white supremacy and promoted separated development. This separated development entitled that the races be segregated, moving nonwhites out of urban areas into the outskirts of city into so-called"home lands" or bantustans with people of their own race. They also implemented more laws; that determined what jobs nonwhites could get, what type of education they could receive, who they could come into contact with, the facilities they could use, what race they could marry, and the positions they could hold in politics; none. The National Party, under the control of Hendrik Verwoerd, further alienated nonwhite citizens by passing a law that made them citizens of their own bantustans, not citizens of South Africa. The National Party rationalized, saying that this law gave blacks an opportunity to participate in a political process within the bantustans. However, their real motives were get out of paying welfare to millions of nonwhites without losing the benefits of an endless supply of cheap labor. The entire ethnic population was in total disagreement with the South African government's attempt to eliminate their rights. While the start of apartheid was not a memorable moment in South Africa's history, it was a major factor in shaping the nation. Many political parties and organizations today, were formed through the protest of apartheid from 1948 to 1990. These groups played a key role in spreading disapproval of apartheid policies to the citizens and officials of South Africa and ultimately lead to its removal. From the induction of apartheid, there has been much resistance to the policy. One group that adamantly opposed the introduction of apartheid was the South African Native Congress, which was formed by a group of black citizens in 1912. They protested the land appropriation laws of that time and were opposed to the British. Later renamed as the African National Congress, the organization increased their following under the leadership of Nelson Mandela during the 1950's when the apartheid laws were being implemented. After decades of receiving no response to their pleas for justice and equality, the group launched a non-violent campaign in 1952 in which apartheid laws were deliberately broken. The African National Congress' goal was not to start a revolution, but to try to change the existing system. In an attempt to do just that, the ANC brought together 3000 delegates and signed the Freedom Charter. This document stated that South Africa belongs to all its citizens and that "every man and woman shall have the right to vote for and stand as candidates for all bodies which make law." However, this document was not recognized by the national government of that time. In 1960, with the increase in the ANC's involvement in protests and a new group called the Pan-Africanist Congress' protests, the South African government feared more deaths so they banned all black African political organizations. Mandela's arrest sparked anger amongst all ethnic citizens and organizations and produced a volatile environment. In an effort to ease tensions, a constitution was drafted in 1984, which allowed Asians and Coloreds (milado) to be in parliament but it still excluded black Africans who made up 70% of the population. This, along with all the other race inequalities and segregation brought the movement against apartheid to a raging climax. Finally, with apartheid being criticized internationally, with nations putting economic sanctions on them, and more riots by African organizations, the government's apartheid policies began to unravel. In a historic and memorable day in 1992, the new president, F. W. de Klerk, announced an official end to apartheid and released Nelson Mandela from prison. This day had been long awaited and much earned. The South African organizations had played a key role in protesting, and eventually the downfall of the apartheid policies. These groups still exist today and are influential in South Africa's politics. With the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as president in 1994, South Africa had experienced a complete turnaround from racial inequality. The end of apartheid

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buy custom Realizations of Cyberculture essay In modern times, cyberculture is manifested or realized in instances where human beings interactions are mediated by the established computer networks; thus encompassing games, activities, initiatives, pursuits, places, exchanges, places and applications in which cyberspace users engage in (Levy, 2001). The actualization of activities is in such platforms as websites with specialized domains, web portals with specialist software and user-based web protocols (Abbate, 1999). Today we have blogs, social networks (Face book, Twitter), online and downloadable games that need online or offline participation, chat platforms (instant messaging), Bulletin Board Systems, eCommerce sites, peer-to-peer networks, virtual worlds, UseNet, cybersex platforms and a host of other cyberculture realizations (Abbate, 1999). To qualify as cyberculture, cyberculture must derive aspects of the traditional culture notions of culture (as the root words suggests). That culture must also be composed of numerous subcultures identified by an ethnographical study (Howard Jones, 2003). The identified subcultures based on the technologies they use, their capabilities, the diversityof users, the diverse real-world locations alluded to etc (Howard Jones, 2003). On the overall however, cyberculture is characterized by a community whose interactions are mediated by information communication technology (Aronowitz, Martinsons Menser, 1995). It is the product featured by individuals linked from one computer screen to another by a variety of complex networks. Secondly, cyberculture relies heavily on a concept of knowledge and of information exchange (whichever type of knowledge or information individuals wish to exchange). Thirdly, cyberculture depends on its ability to manipulate technological features to a new level or degree that traditional culture forms lacked as its core attraction. Cyberculture does not insist on the individual but on the interaction of individuals, and thus no requirement of personal identity in most interactions (Aronowitz, Martinsons Menser, 1995). Cyberculture has no place for face-to-face interaction, and persons are represented by usernames, codes and passwords (Aronowitz, Martinsons Menser, 1995). Cyberculture transcends traditional limits to relationships such as physical inabilities, geeographical borders, social stratification and temporal (time elements) constraints. A distinct characteristic of cyberspace that is perhaps one of the most defining of them all is the fact that cyberculture is a cognitive social culture whose only visible traits is on its impact to the physical culture (Aronowitz, Martinsons Menser, 1995). It is an abstract concept realized physically not as a culture itself but as an influence on more physical cultures. When individuals visible spend most of their time online, that is not the cyberculture but a physical ramification of the abstract culture in which the individuals are participating. This actually helps explain the next characteristic of cyberculture as a product borne by like-minded peo ple who find or search for a common ground to interact in, online (Aronowitz, Martinsons Menser, 1995). Finally, cyberculture is the most dynamic, fragile and perishable form of culture known to man. It changes in minutes, trends take different directions by the minute, technology progresses and new capabilities conceived by the day and so too the culture of the people who use these technology (Aronowitz, Martinsons Menser, 1995). Buy custom Realizations of Cyberculture essay

Four similar disease 1topic like COPD,LUNGS CA.ASTHMA,SMOKER Research Paper

Four similar disease 1topic like COPD,LUNGS CA.ASTHMA,SMOKER - Research Paper Example It generates new insight and a novel point of view into the existing treatment procedures and about the disease. Continuous research in the field of nursing practice is very important as through research new data and cures are discovered which help in finding new patterns and subsequently help in developing new procedures to fight the patients’ condition. The development of nursing practice in diseases like COPD, Lung Cancer, Asthma and Smoking exemplifies the importance of the research to nursing practice. These are four similar diseases (affecting the same organ; lungs) with different backgrounds (origin, causes, development, effects, and cure). COPD is a serious lung disease which during the course of time makes it difficult to breathe. It is the fourth main reason for death in the United States and leads to long-term disability.[1] Persons suffering from COPD find it difficult to get the air in and out of their lungs as the airways (tubes which carry the air in and out of the lungs) are partially blocked. There are two prime diseases that cause this blockage- Chronic bronchitis and Emphysema. The main cause of this lung disorder is cigarette smoking which contributes to 80-90% of the disease. [1] Nursing practices go a long way in the cure of the disease. Nurses/ professionals and pulmonary rehabilitation programs help to control the disease through physical activity and training. Nursing is fast emerging as a means to put a check on COPD. The best cure against COPD is to quit smoking. An online COPD community has emerged where different COPD patients and professionals share their experience and methods to fight cure COPD. Lung Cancer refers to cancer of the tissues of the lungs, generally in the cells lining the air passages. It is one of the more lethal diseases. It claims more lives than prostate, colon, breast and lymph cancers combined, per year. Essentially, there are two types of lung cancers: Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) and Non-Small Cell L ung Cancer (NSCLC). Both categories have the capacity to cause life threatening damages to the neuromuscular system. A significant part of the treatment to lung cancer is the way the problem is nursed. Nursing practices play an important role. Advanced nursing practice has been introduced as a practice that includes a variety of roles essential for treating lung cancer and the environments in which they exist. Planning is quite necessary in combating the disease. Many obstacles to realizing the full potential of the roles can be evaded through better efforts and planning to address factors, resources and structures necessary for advanced nursing practice to lung cancer. A recent research conducted on patients with lung cancer suggested that patients often experience multiple symptoms that vary during the course of their disease.[2] Therefore, in conjunction with high quality physical care of the patients, nursing practice is also required to provide frequent interventions with patie nts varying from patient education regarding chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy and symptom management meant for skin changes linked to fatigue, radiation therapy, weight loss and nausea due to changes in appetite. Asthma is chiefly characterized by the shortness of breath, tightness of chest along with coughing. It essentially is the hindrance in the human airflow system. Asthma is a continual inflammatory disease and estimates have shown that over 300 million people were affected with asthma in 2010. Genetic factors along with other

Merits of Joining a Human Resources Professional Association Essay

Merits of Joining a Human Resources Professional Association - Essay Example Keeping in mind that one is in the establishment stage of his/her career with the expectation of acquiring the position of a manager, the membership of Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) had been found to be suitable. This is because, in addition to providing professional membership, SHRM provides opportunities to enhance owns knowledge, gain information from fellow members through networking and access to valuable resources pertaining to latest HR issues. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 3 Overview 4 Relative Merits of Joining a Human Resources Professional Association 4 Comparative Analysis of some of the Human Resources Professional Associations 6 Society for Human Resource Management 6 Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development 7 Dubai Human Resources Forum 8Â   Arabian Society for HR Management 9 Australian Human Resource Institute 10 Decision of the Selection of a Human Resources Professional Association and its Justification 11 Conclusion 13 References 15 Overview This report discusses the relative merits of joining a Human Resources Professional Association. The report conducts a comparative analysis of some of the renowned Human Resources Professional Associations and then selects a particular association that suits the professional requirements considering the candidate’s career stage. ... Â  As an individual with around 14 years of experience in the Human Resource Department (HRD), the rationale for willingness to join a Professional Association is to develop and enhance the HR skills by means of journals as well as magazines which are comprised with the membership of any Professional Association. Involvement with a Professional Association provides with the opportunity to attend conferences as well as conventions with proficient and professional speakers. Thus, being a member of a Human Resource Professional Association would provide an HR professional with an opportunity to access his/her career proceedings and specific human resource job listings. In addition to this, Professional Associations offer career networking opportunities with other members of the association. Human Resource Professional Association gives an individual admittance to the most beneficial and existing HR networks as a professional (Gatewood & Et. Al., 2010) Furthermore, Human Resource Profes sional Association would augment an individual’s professional development in addition to presenting information about issues pertaining to HRD. Every local or the international Human Resource Professional Association publishes informative newsletters and journals related to issues of Human Resource Management (HRM). Such Professional Associations also update their websites with significant HR issues along with fresh developments in the HR field. Moreover, these Professional Associations regularly coordinate and conduct professional development programs and conferences consisting of industry associated exposures and knowledge for their members.

Compare 2 films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare 2 films - Essay Example An analysis of several scenes will illustrate these points. Ozu’s â€Å"Tokyo Story† tells the journey of an elderly couple to the city of Tokyo where they reunite with their children and grandchildren. Their children, however, don’t have the time to spend with them. A few days later, the elderly couple goes back home. The mother falls ill and eventually dies. After the funeral, the children return to Tokyo leaving their father alone. Kurosawa’s â€Å"Rashomon†, meanwhile, recounts the stories of four different persons about a murder that transpired in the woods. A wife is allegedly raped by a bandit while her husband is murdered. In a dilapidated house that bears the name â€Å"Rashomon†, a priest and a woodcutter relay the story to a commoner. All four stories mutually contradict one another. In the end, an abandoned baby is found at the dilapidated house. 2. Themes Ozu explores the consequences of generational gap in families. Children, on ce grown, will live their own lives and leave their parents behind. Parents, on the other hand, will wish that their children achieve success and live happy lives. As time passes by, parents and children grow emotionally apart. The once warm and caring relationships become cold and neglectful. Neither parents nor children are to be blamed in this situation; it’s just the way things are. ... Kurosawa, meanwhile, explores the subjective nature of reality and the human tendency to embellish one’s positive characteristics and conceal those that are unattractive. Reality, as the film portrays, is a matter of interpretation. One event can be viewed and looked at from different perspectives creating a myriad of meanings out of it. The ultimate and absolute truth of something, therefore, can never be realized. This applies to human beings as well. People choose to believe what they please. Their perception is always influenced by motives both good and bad. 3. Stylistic Analysis Mise-en-scene. This refers to the composition of a scene which include the setting, lighting, costumes, and actor’s gestures, to name a few. Ozu’s mise-en-scene is constructed with utmost control and filled with telling details. The teapots, cups, or slippers are all there for a reason. Each tells a story of its own (eg. slippers lying at the elderly couple’s door at the spa). In â€Å"Rashomon†, the mise-en-scene gives emphasis on nature. Most of the time, the actors are shot beneath the shadows of trees and leaves revealing both their good and bad nature. The sometimes hysterical and animalistic acting of the wife and bandit show how strongly they held to their perception of the event. It seems like they’re trying hard to conceal their bad nature. Cinematography. This refers to the distance and movement of the camera, and the framing and duration of shots. Ozu often utilizes long and medium shots which show entire landscapes, actors in full body or waist up, and the space/background where the actors move around. Close-ups which emphasize facial features and emotions are never used. The camera moves only once

Pharmaceutical Industry Analysis

Pharmaceutical Industry Analysis In this chapter a basic understanding of how the pharmaceutical industry will be defined and which models will be used to analyse it will be given to the reader. 1.1 Definition of Industry The most important definition of industry was given by Michael Porter in 1979: a group of competitors producing substitutes that are close enough that the behaviour of any firm affects each of the others either directly or indirectly. Later, Porter defined the term more precisely as a group of companies offering products or services that are close substitutes for each other, that is, products or services that satisfy the same basic customers needs. This new definition emphasizes the importance of industry borders and industrys role as a market supplier or producer of goods and services, as distinguished from a market, defined as a consumer of goods and services. Furthermore, inside every industry there are groups of companies that follow similar strategies, defined by Michael S. Hunt in his unpublished 1972 Ph.D. dissertation as strategic groups. Between these groups there are differences in entry barriers, bargaining power with buyers and suppliers and skills and resources . Strategic groups compete against each other within the industry as a result of these differences. 1.2 Models to Analyse the Industry and Its Environment The literature agrees that comprehension of the industry structure is essential to developing a firms strategy and has a greater effect on the firms performance than whether it is business-specific or corporate-parent. The comprehension of the structure requires analyses of the industrys life cycle. It also requires step-by-step political, legal, technological, social and economic analyses as well as the five driving forces of business, provided by Michael Porter. By utilizing these analysis techniques, it is also possible to anticipate changes in industry competition and profitability over time. 1.2.1 Industry Life Cycle Analysis There are different phases during the development of an industry. Every phases is characterized by a different environments which make competition assumes different the form. Through studying the life cycle, the industry realizes its stake in the market and its influence on consumers. The industry life cycle model includes four different phases: introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The first phase, called introduction, is characterized by a low demand, whereas prices are high as a consequence of firms inability to realize economies of scale. For this reason profits are low and losses are possible due to high amount of investments in new categories. Barriers to entry are primary based on technologies and competencies. Strategy is focused mainly on RD and production, with the goal of enhancing novelty and quality. Competitors, attracted by the rising demand, attempt to replicate the new product. In the second phase, growth, the use of the product is extended, demand grows, prices decline due to economies of scale, barriers to entry are lower and the threat of new entry is high. At this phase the technology is usually not exclusive property of one or more firms, and the primary reaction to competition is marketing expenditure and initiatives; profits are not very high because prices decline as competitors enter the market. There is a transition period, or shake-out, between the second and the third phases. The shake-out involves finding and using all investment opportunities, because the market is near saturation and demand grows more slowly. In the third phase, maturity, market growth is low or non-existent, and the focus shifts to gaining market share; demand is represented only by the substitution of products, investment in RD decreases and there is little innovation. In this phase firms seek cost reductions, and competition is based primarily on advertising and quality because of the low differentiation between products. Big firms acquire smaller players, while others are forced to exit. As a consequence of high barrier to entry, the threat of new entrants are low. The last phase is decline, so called because of the continued decline in demand. Industries arrive at this stage for a variety of reasons. These include a change in social behaviours, demographic changes, international competition, technological innovations and increased customer knowledge. The buying process is based primarily on price rather than innovation. As a result, profit and revenues decline, and the industry as a whole may be supplanted. 1.2.2 PEST Analysis The word PEST is an acronym of several aspects that influence business activities at any given moment. An industry operates under Political, Economic, Social and Technological conditions. These conditions are identify and analyzed using the PEST Analysis technique. Due to their independent influence on any industry, it is essential that each be considered individually. The political aspect of analysis encompasses various factors that influence business activities in a given country at several levels: national, sub-national and supranational levels. These include trade policies control imports, exports and international business partners, government ownership of industry, attitude toward monopolies and competition and trade policies. Hence, failure to consider these policies may result in loss of revenue due to taxes or penalty fees. Government stability is also very important, because it eradicates the risks associated with wars and conflicts. For an industry to thrive, political stability must be uncompromising; otherwise, sales and business activities will be uncertain, and investors will lose interest. The internal political issues in any country influence the running of industries. Politics based on race or religion may define the course for certain industries, especially if an industry falls short of political expectations. Elections and changes in leadership also influence an industrys strengths and opportunities and thus should be considered during the analysis. In addition to internal issues, international pressures and influences may affect some industries, such as environmental degradation or product safety. Another factor is terrorism. Though uncommon in many countries, poor or unstable governance may attract terrorist activities, vengeful or otherwise, which can have adverse effects on the industries operating in that country. All these issues may influence industry and firm expansion and industry attractiveness from stake holders point of view. The economic aspect of analysis includes many factors. The first factor to consider is the current economic situation and trends in the country in which the industry is based. Companies should note inflation and economic decline so that when it comes to investing, they can avoid being financially affected. Failure to do this results in an economically blind platform that may cause the industrys sudden collapse. Another factor to consider in analysis is taxation rates. When there are high taxation rates in a given country, price-based competition may affect a given industry in the international market. International economic trends are also very important, because they define currency exchange rates, imports and exports. Other factors to consider are consumer expenditure and disposable income and, finally, legal issues, including all trade legislation in a given country and other legal regulations that inhibit or encourage expansion of business activities. Also to be considered are consumer protection laws, employment laws, environmental protection laws and quality standardization regulations. Industrial laws regulating competition, market policies and guidelines also play an important role in influencing industrys stability and future expansion possibilities . When considering the social aspect, factors including demographic changes, shifts in values and culture and changes in lifestyle are important to note so as to strategize on expansion and growth . Certain factors, such as media and communities, influence an industrys growth and returns. Brand name and corporate image are also very important in influencing growth and returns since they shape customer loyalty and shareholder investment. The medias views on certain industrial products should be incorporated into the analysis, as should consumer attitudes and sensibility to green issues, that is, issues that affect the environment, energy consumption and waste and its disposal. A companys information systems and internal and external communications should also be analyzed to ensure that it keeps pace with its competitors. Other factors are the policies regulating education, health and distribution of income, all of which, in the long run, influence consumer use of products . The technological aspect of analysis encompasses a variety of factors. In addition to developing technologies, all associated technologies, along with their innovation potentials, speed of change and adoption of new technology, should be analyzed for a proper evaluation of the industry. Other technological factors are transportation, waste management and online business. The level of expenditure on RD should also be considered in order to secure the industrys competitive position to prevent losses and collapse . 1.2.3 Porters Five Competitive Forces Analysis Porters model, as described by Kay, is an evolution of the Structure-Conduct-Performance paradigm conceived by Edward Mason at Harvard University in the 1930s and detailed by Scherer in the 1980s. , The model aims to determine the intensity of industry competition, major issues in determining strategy and whether an industry is attractive or not. Porter identified five competitive forces that act on an industry and its environment: threat of entry, intensity of rivalry among existing competitors, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers and bargaining power of suppliers. The first competitive force, threat of entry, refers to the threat of new entrants in an established industry or acquisition to gain market share. Reactions of participants and barriers to entry are the main factors used to establish whether the threat is high or low. Six major entry barriers have been identified: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ capital required to compete in the industry (especially in risky industry, such as advertising or RD) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ switching costs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ access to distribution channels à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ economies of scale à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ cost disadvantages independent of scale, such as patents, access to know-how, access to limited resources, favourable locations, government subsidies or policies and learning or experience curves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ product differentiation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ expected retaliation from existing firms against the new entrants Strong barriers to the entry of new firms enable a few firms to dominate the market and thereby influence prices. The second force is intensity of rivalry among existing competitors. Rivalry takes place when one or more firms inside an industry try to improve their position using tactics such as price competition, new product introduction or new services. Rivalry depends on several factors: number and size of competitors, industry growth, product characteristics (which determine whether the rivalry is based on price or differentiation), cost structure, exit barriers, diverse competitors, operative capacity and high strategic stakes. If an industry is inhibited, then firms will experience difficulties when trying to expand. The growth of foreign competition and the corporate stakes should also be included in the analysis. Threat of substitutes is the third forces. Substitutes are those products manufactured by other industries but serving the same purposes as the initial product. These substitute products cause the demand to decline. The implications are reduced profits and reduced market command by the original capital investor. This is of particular importance when the buyer has no switching costs and can easily compare products in terms of price and efficiency. Bargaining power of buyers is the fourth force. High bargaining power positions weak firms inside the industry, forcing price down, enhancing competition between industry players and resulting in bargaining for higher quality or services. This power is particularly high under certain conditions, such as few and specific buyers, undifferentiated products, low switching costs, the possibility of backward integration and information about demand and the availability of market price to the buyers. Furthermore, bargaining power is high if product quality is not a crucial factor of decision-making and if what the buyer is acquiring is a modest fraction of his total costs. Bargaining power is even higher when the buyer is a retailer or a wholesaler able to influence the consumers purchasing decision. The fifth and last force is the bargaining power of suppliers. This can act on the industry in several ways: raising prices, lowering quality or privileging some buyers. Supplier power can be divided into several elements. One of these elements is supplier concentration. Suppliers are in a stronger position when there are few suppliers, switching costs are high, the industry they are serving account for a small fraction of their business or their products are an important part of the buyers business. The bargaining power of suppliers is low or non-existent when there are substitute products. Lastly, purchase volume and the suppliers influence on cost are very important. 2. Pharmaceutical Industry Analysis A general overview of the pharmaceutical industry is the primary objective of this chapter. First, this chapter will define the industry in order to identify the main players in the pharmaceutical market. Second, using the instruments and models described in the first section, it will highlight the main characteristics of the industry and the factors that influence it. 2.1 Definition of Pharmaceutical Industry The pharmaceutical industry is composed of companies developing, manufacturing and marketing products licensed for use as medications. Their goal is to prevent, diagnose or treat diseases. A medicinal product, also called a pharmaceutical, according to the EU, is an exogenous substance or a combination of exogenous substances that can be organic or inorganic, natural or synthetic, and able, once inside the human or animal body, to modify physiological functions or to make a medical diagnosis through physical, chemical or physicochemical action. This industry is subdivided into two sub-industries characterized by different business models and players: prescription and OTC pharmaceuticals. Prescription pharmaceuticals, also referred to as Rx, are medicines that are available to the consumers for purchase in a pharmacy or drug store only with a prescription from a physician or administered only in hospitals. These medicines target specific diseases and, therefore, are prescribed for and used by one person only. OTC pharmaceuticals are instead used by more than one person which present the same symptoms in the same or in different time. These medicines are available to the consumer at every time and the consumer dont need any prescription from a physician for purchase. Furthermore, inside this industry there are two types of firms: Big Pharma and Biotech. These two types, despite being in the same business, vary in several ways: IP, drug methodology, expenditure and productivity of RD . The primary drug RD techniques used by Big Pharma firms are chemoinformatics and in silico screenings. Biotech firms are companies that use biotechnology in RD . Biotechnology, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, is the application of science and technology to living organisms, as well as parts, products and models thereof, to alter living or nonliving materials for the production of knowledge, goods and services. Generally, Biotech firms tend to have a strong academic culture, are more risk treatment and spend less than half what Big Pharma spends on R&D; in 2004, Biotech firms spent $20 billion, versus $50 billion spent by Big Pharma. Generally, a Biotech product has multiple IP covering manufacture, formulation and stability, as opposed to Big Pharma IP, which covers only the product, allowing generics to be produced quickly. While they may appear to have the same phenotype, their genotypes are distinct, so much so that they can be considered two industries, as stated by Arthur D. Levinson, Chairman and CEO of Genentech. Nevertheless, this distinction is not always clear, as many Biotech and Big Pharma firms are hybrids to varying degrees. The focus of this thesis are Big Pharma involved in the development of prescription pharmaceuticals to treat and prevent human diseases in the EU market. 2.2 Analysis of the Pharmaceutical Industry The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief overview of the pharmaceutical industry lifecycle and investigate the major force acting inside it . 2.2.1 Industry Lifecycle Analysis People over the years have always tried to discover diseases causes and to find remedies against it. The most complete medical test, the Ebers Papyrus, is dated 1550 BC and it was written by Egyptians . However, the industrial production of drugs dates back to the year 1827 when Heinrich E Merck in Germany founded the first company for the production of cocaine and morphine . This event started the introduction phase of the pharmaceutical industry in Europe. In Europe, this industry was born in different way, reflecting the different strategic groups inside it. In the German-speaking countries, pharmaceutical companies were born as a branch of the chemical industry, with firms like Bayer and Hoechst in 1863, BASF in 1865 and Schering in 1871 in Germany, and CIBA in 1884 and Sandoz in 1886. Only Hoffman-La Roche in 1894 in Switzerland was originally a drug firm. On the other hand, in Italy, France and the UK companies were born from small shop pharmacies, such as Glaxo which traces its origins to a pharmacy in Plough Court in 1715 . During the 1800s many compounds were already being isolated, but none was being synthetically produced. The first synthetic drug was Phenacetin, produced by Bayer and commercialized in 1888 . Ten years later Bayer commercialized Aspirin, which marked a milestone in the pharmaceutical industry. Many firms rose to prominence in the 1920s-30s with these kinds of pharmaceuticals, but also with a new class of pharmaceuticals: vaccines and serums . During the Second World War II the demand for drugs increased and mass production started, primarily with drugs such as antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin and neomycin) and sulphonamide . The availability of these drugs dramatically changed the quality and the average life-span of people. In this period the German pharmaceutical industry, a leader along with the Swiss in pre-war times, was taken over by American firms who came to Europe to taking advantage of the condition of the continent after the war. The period 1950-60 was the start of the industrys growth phase , and this saw a proliferation of new drugs and high return to drug discovery. New drugs included tranquilizers such as MAO inhibitors in 1952, anti-tuberculosis drugs such as Isoniazid in 1952 and oral contraceptives in 1956. Other discoveries included Librium in 1960 and Valium in 1960. The latter was sold from 1963 and later became one of the most prescribed medicines in history before controversy emerged over its link to habituation and dependency. In the 1950s, legislation was put in place to regulate the industry, mainly touching on labelling and approval by health authorities as well as drawing distinctions between non-prescription and prescription medicines. In this apparently unstoppable process of pharmaceutical progression and optimism the industry was stalled by a drama concerning one drug sold in Europe and Japan, Thalidomide. This drug, synthesized in Germany in 1954, was introduced to the market to treat the symptoms of morning sickness and nausea in pregnant women. Between 1954 and 1960, it caused around 5,000 and 10,000 severe deformities in infants. In fact, the drug had not been sufficiently tested on animals to assess its safety, and after this revelation, in an attempt to better regulate the industry, drug oversight authorities were established to exercise control over the industry. The World Medical Association met in Finland and issued the Declaration of Helsinki, setting the standards for clinical research. Among other things, the declaration stated that pharmaceutical companies must prove the efficacy of a new drug in clinical trials before releasing it to the market, and subjects must consent to experiments done to test the efficacy of drugs in clinical studies. The industry remained small up to the late 1970s . Two events characterized the 1970s. First, chemical production for raw materials and early intermediates shifted out of Europe to low cost destinations such as India and China which later began producing active pharmaceutical ingredients and finally non-patented pharmaceuticals . Second, there was the birth of biotechnology. This new science had its roots many years before with the discovery of the double helix in 1953 by Watson and Crick, which followed the advances in molecular genetics, recombinant DNA technology, and molecular biology. Until then, drugs in commerce were produced by extraction from natural substances or chemical synthesis. These new techniques of molecular biology marked the birth of a new industry which became a competitor to and a substitute of the pharmaceutical industry. This new industry was pioneered by firms like Genentech and Amgen which introduced revolutionary drugs such as Epogen and recombinant human insulin. In the 1980s, legislation was passed in most European countries requiring adherence to strong patents for both the pharmaceutical products and their production processes. There were also new regulations such as the introduction of the Good Clinical Practices, which were guidelines regulating ethics and the reliability of clinical studies. In Europe, several states also initiated health maintenance organizations and managed care in an effort to limit rising medical costs, and a preference for preventive rather that curative medication took root. As the industry entered the 1990s, new discoveries and projects, such as the Human Genome Project 1990, changed the business environment. Also, there was a huge wave of MA to build on synergies. This included Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz forming Novartis, Hoechst and Roussel-Rhone Poulenc-Rorer forming Aventis and Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline forming GlaxoSmithKline. In this way, the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals came to be concentrated in Western Europe and North America, with dominant firms and a few small companies that produced drugs in each country. The major European companies are still the dominant players not only in Europe but also in the global market. They include Novartis of Switzerland, Bayer of Germany, GlaxoSmithKline of the UK, Hoffman-la Roche of Switzerland and AstraZeneca of UK/Sweden. As the European pharmaceutical industry entered the 21st century, signs of the growth phase have become even more evident. This has been characterized by intense marketing to physicians and internet commerce. This, in part, has been facilitated by the liberalization of marketing rules requiring presentation of risks as well as the advertising message. Internet has enabled the direct purchase of raw materials by the manufacturers. The development of drugs has moved from the hit-and-miss approach to research and informed discovery. Alternative medicines and lifestyle medicines have presented new challenges and opportunities and have raised the level of competition in the industry. The ageing population in western European economies has increased opportunities for raising revenues. In fact, because of the ageing population in the developed economies, drug consumption will increase since the aged have a higher frequency of contracting diseases than younger people. New epidemics, such as the recent H1N1 flu outbreak, continue to batter the world population, and increased globalization makes them spread more quickly than ever. As the industry advances through the growth phase, companies are undertaking research and development initiatives both to develop new drugs and improve production processes. Further, the increased role of state-supported medical schemes across Europe, as well as other state-managed health programs around the world will greatly increase the reach of healthcare, extending it to more of the middle class and the poor who constitute the larger part of the population in most countries. As the medical programs continue to gain efficacy, the sales of pharmaceutical firms are expected to grow. In addition, the emerging economies like Brazil, Russia, India, China, Turkey, Mexico, and South Korea will add to potential consumer numbers in the industry for European manufacturers. Together, these countries constitute a huge percentuage of the worlds population, meaning that their entry into the high income category will no doubt present an enormous potential market for pharmaceutical products. In fact, the growth in these markets is expected to reach 14-17% by 2014, compared with only 3-6% growth in the developed markets. Thanks to agreements signed by the Asia-Pacific and Europe governments concerning liberalization of the Asia-Pacific pharmaceuticals and investments market, many companies have already started to establish relationships with emerging markets. An example is GlaxoSmithKline, who partnered in 2009 with Indias Dr. Reddy Laboratories. GlaxoSmithKline will distribute the drugs manufactured and supplied by Dr. Reddy in Africa, the Middle East, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America. Even with these last considerations, the European pharmaceutical industry has only a limited chance of entering the maturity phase of the cycle. The barriers to entry are so great that they choke any new entrant in almost every facet of operation: in research and development, in product distribution, and in compliance with rules and regulations. In fact, this industry has complex manufacturing capabilities which are hard to replicate, and are protected by way of patent, as well as huge consumer attachment to preferred brands from specific companies, often informed by experience. Furthermore Europe generic penetration is very low (less than 10% in total). Thus the industry might remain in the growth phase for a considerable time.

The British Empire Essay -- British History, Industrialization, Politi

The British Empire is the largest empire ever seen on the face of this planet. The empire was divided into two. The first part of the empire revolved around the British colonies in America that were popularly known as the thirteen colonies. These gained independence from Britain in 1783. The second part of the empire, which developed from the first empire, came later. It started during the Napoleonic wars and survived throughout the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. In fact, the British withdrew from its last colony, Hong Kong, in 1997; indeed the empire lasted for a long time. It developed from India and spun to regions of Africa and Australia. The influence and the power of the empire spun around the world shaping it in different ways. This influence is still evident in many places that fell under its control (Ferguson, 2004). To many people the world is the way it is due to the effects of the British Empire. Certainly, this empire just like other nu merous empires before it and after it had triumphs and humiliations; however, the fact that this empire had numerous good effects cannot be overemphasized. The empire impacted positively on Britain and the colonies. The first notable positive effect of the empire is industrialization. The British having been ahead in industrial evolution helped spread technology to new places around the world. Particularly, the British Empire was responsible for the development of early industries in their colonies (Balasubramanyam & Wei, 79). They built industries in the colonies such as sugar factories, cotton factories and tobacco industries. Certainly, this was a new development in these colonies that later led to the colonies mechanizing their cottage industri... ...ver, as a result of the demands of abolitionists, the British parliament enacted laws such as the Slave Trade Act 1807, which resulted in abolishing trade. Certainly, this was a remarkable contribution to the respect of human rights. Clearly, the vast empire also left a vast influence. The numerous positive affects are still evident today in most of the former colonies. Indeed, as most people believed the â€Å"sun never sets† on the British Empire. Most people believe that the current state of the world is a product of the empire. Numerous things including educational systems, farming, judicial, governance systems and others around the world are a product of the empire. The empire left a permanent mutual relationship among former colonies, which still enjoy trade and diplomatic ties. It is, therefore, beyond doubt that the empire had numerous positive effects.

Conducting Buinsess Overseas

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business 11/12/12 Phase 5 Individual Project Professor Ivy When conducting business overseas it is important to know the legal regulations (N/A, N/A) which should be considered as the first part of the business plan. One should do their research about how business is handled to avoid illegal activities that one may not be aware of. Some of the regulations are permits, licenses, requirements, documentation, and laws that apply in that country.There are laws for importing merchandise into another country so therefore one must check with someone who specialize in that area of laws. As an importer one must give customs a complete report on the delivery of goods. On December 8, 1993 the Customs Modernization Act was put into place in order to â€Å"shift legal responsibility (N/A, N/A) from Customs to the importer for declaring, among other things, the value, classification, and rate of duty applicable to entered merchandise†. Importers should u se reasonable care when complying with Customs requirements in order to fulfill their duties as importers.As part of Customs they strongly enforce requirements from other agencies which include Environmental Protection Agency, the Drug Enforcement Agency, and the Food and Drug Administration. All of these agencies are included to make sure goods passes safety requirements before any goods are imported into another country. If it is determined that an importer fail to use reasonable care they could face monetary penalties for not following laws. Any company that has large import activity should have satisfactory procedures in place in order to make sure they’re in compliance with Custom laws.Many importers use Customs Broker (N/A, N/A) to handle their files for them. These agencies are licensed by Customs to deal with files for importers. As an importer there is specific documentation requirements needed before any goods can be imported into another country. So therefore, impo rters use Custom Brokers to gather and file all of the necessary documents for importing the goods. Importers are still responsible for following all rules under the Mod Act. If these laws are broken they can be held liable for criminal or civil penalties under the Mod Act.Criminal Penalties can be defined as anyone who gives false information to Customs officers. Anyone who is in violation of this statue could face two years imprisonment, fines, or possible both for all violation that were related to importation. Civil penalties can be defined as anyone who provide fraud through the use of gross negligence or transmit false data which relates to any fraudulent activities. As part of Customs authority they can seize merchandise to get payment for the violation. As part of doing business oversees one will deal with exporters.Exporter duties (N/A, N/A) include making sure that it is legal to export merchandise from United States to another country. They are also responsible to make su re that all required documentation are in order and filed to proper agency. Before exporting any product one should be sure to check for licenses and other documentation needed to export products. There are certain laws that apply to exporters which include laws such as anti-boycott laws, the Export Administration Regulations, and Economic sanctions.When determining whether or not a license is needed for export the appropriate authority checks for the product’s classification, end-user, and end-use. It is also important that one should know about Free Trade Agreements. Free Trade Agreements (N/A, 2010) is known to be one of the best opportunities to expand the foreign market to the United States. Part of the Free Trade Agreement is to reduce barriers to United States exports which protect the United States interests. This law makes it easier and less expensive for U. S. ompanies to export their goods to trading market partners. So therefore, we could use this to our advantage as a company to export goods to from and to other countries. The ethical code of conduct (N/A, Sigue Corp. , 2012) for employees and vendors is to ensure strong ethical principles govern prevent conflicts that might occur between the employees and vendors. All employees and vendors must abide by the company’s ethical code of conduct. In order for the code of conduct to be enforced each employee or vendor must report any conflicts that relates to the company’s welfare.As part of the company’s policy we are responsible for keeping customers, employees, and vendors satisfied with the services provided from this company. So therefore, we required our employees to maintain a high level professional standard while conducting business in our company. Employees should keep all information confidential about Company, customers, employees, agents, and vendors. If any employee has an issue we encourage them to consult with someone such supervisor, management, or anyone el se in a higher position about any problems they may encounter.If employees or vendor are found to be in violation of Code of conduct will be investigated and immediately terminated. As part of the Company’s policies we report any unlawful behavior to the appropriate agency. This company doesn’t tolerate fraudulent behavior, dishonest, theft, embezzlement, threats, or any other inappropriate behavior. Legal and ethical guidelines (Phillips, 2012) are important in all businesses because they are part of laws that shall be followed. All businesses should have ethical guidelines that they should abide by in order to maintain laws which are enforceable by the state and government.If a business fails to follow guidelines and laws they could be punish or penalized by local laws that weren’t followed. Ethical guidelines is used to protect employees from being unpaid by enforcing laws for wages and hours worked. These laws are put in place to avoid businesses from not tr eating employees fairly such as not paying them for the hours worked or overtime. When distinguishing between right and wrong in business dealings (Merchant, 2006-2012) one must consider is the action true and how it will affect the business.They should also take into consideration whether or not the decision is fair to all parties involved. Another question one should ask is will the decision benefit the outcome of people that have invested in this dealing. After thinking about the outcome of all decision it is important that you chose the action that is legal in order to avoid illegal behavior that will lead to punishment of some type. The punishment could result in termination, fines, or imprisonment depending on what type of wrong doings one has committed.So therefore, when hiring employees one should make sure they are capable of making the right decision that will have a positive outcome for the company. As part of ethical conduct one must be capable of deciding what is right and what is wrong in order to have a good foundation in ethics. Making the right choices in a company could result in the company being successful and kept out of the public eye for unethical behavior. This type of behavior has prompted such an increase in these types of legal and ethical violations (Richard Mauer & Anna M. Tinsley, 2010) because they aren’t being handled appropriate.Many companies aren’t punished to the full extent because they have power and money to get them out of that situation. When other companies see that another company has gotten away breaking the law they think that they can away with it too. Ethical violations are increasing because many companies forget about them and want to get the job done in a short time with a low cost. Many companies in today’s society don’t have morals and good values so this makes it difficult to practice ethical guidelines for companies. If all companies enforced good ethical behavioral some of the u nethical violation could be reduced.This could lead to a more successful reliable business that more people will feel comfortable with. My opinion regarding the impact of the ethical implications (N/A, 2005-2012) and violations on the business itself from the perspective of the consumer is that this company follows rules and regulation to avoid illegal behavior. Some companies seem to think that they can get away with doing things that are not legal and that they won’t be caught. If the court keeps ordering them to pay fines and put them on probation they may not recognize what the consequences are.So I think they should lose money in order to realize that this type of behavior is unacceptable. So therefore, the company should be shut down until everything is corrected. I feel by them paying isn’t enough because they have billions of dollars and money isn’t a problem. Investors may feel that this company is reliable for their actions and may not want to do busin ess with them. The reason why investors may not want to do business with them is because they have a history of illegal and unethical behavior that may cause investors to lose money.

Sir Marcus Laurence Oliphant essays

Sir Marcus Laurence Oliphant essays Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant, was the eldest of five sons, and was born in 1901 in Kent Town, near Adelaide, South Australia. His father was a civil servant and his mother was an artist. Oliphant was interested in a career in medicine or chemistry, and in 1919 started studying at the University of Adelaide. However, his physics teacher, Dr Roy Burdon, helped him discover the lovely feeling when there is a discovery in the field of physics, and Oliphant began studying Physics more closely. In 1925, Oliphant was further inspired in the field of physics after attending a lecture by Ernest Rutherford, a New Zealand physicist. An expert in the field of nuclear physics, Rutherford had made discoveries about radioactivity and the atomic nucleus. In 1927 Oliphant gained the opportunity to live his dream of becoming a physicist. He won an '1851 Exhibitioner' scholarship that allowed him to study under the supervision of Rutherford at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University in England. Oliphant made his most significant works in science during his stay at the Cavendish Laboratory. He researched nuclear physics, and worked on the artificial disintegration of the atomic nucleus, and positive ions. During this period many discoveries were made at the Cavendish Laboratory, and the field of nuclear physics was rapidly expanding. Rutherford later asked Oliphant to work with him to further investigate Cockcroft and Walton's work. During this time, Oliphant discovered new types of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium) and helium (helium 3). He also designed and built particle accelerators, the most famous of these was a positive ion accelerator. All this work paved the way for the creation of nuclear weapons. Sir John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton made the first major breakthrough in 1932 when they split the atom for the first time, using their revolutionary high-powered par ...

Interracial Relationships In Film and Story essays

Interracial Relationships In Film and Story essays Kate Chopin depicts miscegenation in her story, but this is concept is introduced differently in the film based upon it. The main character Chopin wrote about, Armand, she describes as being half- black and half-white, and this lineage is plausible considering, as Chopin establishes, his parents met in France, and in France at the time, there was not the problem of segregation. When he came to America to become a slave owner, he marries a woman who does not know her original roots, and so this seems perfect for him. This enables him to blame her for the problems he has because of his color in America. Instead of his white wife being the dominate member of the relationship, as prejudice would assume, Armand, instead, is the aggressive, dominating spouse. When she has his baby, the baby is born black. He accuses her of sleeping with a slave. The movie version shows that the dysfunction came from the white couples who were having marital issues in the film because Warren Maxwell seem ed to have more feeling for the black women that he slept with than for his white partner. The status of white women in both the film and the story compared to that of black women is that white women could not be allowed to do anything, and if they did something that their husbands did not approve of, the would be punished for it. For example, the white women were like puppets, and their husbands the ones pulling the strings. As for black women in the book and in the film, they did not have any choice either, and they had to do what their masters asked for because if they did not, they would be punished worse then these men punished their white wives. In the story of Desirees Baby, the white woman maintained more control over her husband than in the the movie. She did exactly what her husband told her to do in the movie. For example, when she had her baby and her baby was black, in the movie, her husband told her that to go to the s...

East Religion (Daoism, Bushido, Confucianism, Shintoism) Essay

East Religion (Daoism, Bushido, Confucianism, Shintoism) - Essay Example I also do not think that this principle of Daoism is consistent with the teachings of other religions. Accordingly, it can not fit in other religions. For example, Islam tells its believers to slaughter Halal animals. That is essentially controlling those animals. Bushido is a term that describes a Japanese code of conduct that the samurai have been complying with since the feudal medieval era. The term was first introduced in the last years of the 19th century. Bushido places emphasis on such measures of nobility as obedience, loyalty, self-sacrifice and honor. Bushido is essentially Japanese samurai’s traditional code (Ellis-Christensen) that stresses upon self discipline and promotes simple living. Japanese were taught to follow the teachings of Bushido. Japanese were required to show full respect and dedication to their family and the ruler. Yes, Bushido fundamentally promotes the principles of ethics. Simplicity in every matter of life is indeed, the ultimate solution of the worries of the present age. So, it makes sense. However, on some aspects, Bushido favors extremism and loses sense. For example, if someone does something wrong, he should commit suicide according to Bushido to save the name of the family he belongs to. This is wrong!

The Handsomest Drowned Man In The World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Handsomest Drowned Man In The World - Essay Example When they laid him on the floor they said he'd been taller than all other men because there was barely enough room for him in the house, but they thought that maybe the ability to keep on growing after death was part of the nature of certain drowned men. He had the smell of the sea about him and only his shape gave one to suppose that it was the corpse of a human being, because the skin was covered with a crust of mud and scales. They did not even have to clean off his face to know that the dead man was a stranger. The village was made up of only twenty-odd wooden houses that had stone courtyards with no flowers and which were spread about on the end of a desertlike cape. There was so little land that mothers always went about with the fear that the wind would carry off their children and the few dead that the years had caused among them had to be thrown off the cliffs. But the sea was calm and bountiful and all the men fitted into seven boats. So when they found the drowned man they simply had to look at one another to see that they were all there. That night they did not go out to work at sea. ... ed that the vegetation on him came from faraway oceans and deep water and that his clothes were in tatters, as if he had sailed through labyrinths of coral. They noticed too that he bore his death with pride, for he did not have the lonely look of other drowned men who came out of the sea or that haggard, needy look of men who drowned in rivers. But only when they finished cleaning him off did they become aware of the kind of man he was and it left them breathless. Not only was he the tallest, strongest, most virile, and best built man they had ever seen, but even though they were looking at him there was no room for him in their imagination. They could not find a bed in the village large enough to lay him on nor was there a table solid enough to use for his wake. The tallest men's holiday pants would not fit him, nor the fattest ones' Sunday shirts, nor the shoes of the one with the biggest feet. Fascinated by his huge size and his beauty, the women then decided to make him some pants from a large piece of sail and a shirt from some bridal linen so that he could continue through his death with dignity. As they sewed, sitting in a circle and gazing at the corpse between stitches, it seemed to them that the wind had never been so steady nor the sea so restless as on that night and they supposed that the change had something to do with the dead man. They thought that if that magnificent man had lived in the village, his house would have had the widest doors, the highest ceiling, and the strongest floor, his bedstead would have been made from a midship frame held together by iron bolts, and his wife would have been the happi est woman. They thought that he would have had so much authority that he could have drawn fish out of the sea simply by calling their names and that

Pollution of the worlds oceans and the impact on sea life Term Paper

Pollution of the worlds oceans and the impact on sea life - Term Paper Example Overuse of marine resources is based on the growing population at the coast which makes the situation worse and is the main reason for the population problem that has hit marine and marine life (Hofer, 2008). There are various marine pollutants such as sewage and other wastes that are released into the oceans yet there is no facility to counter these. This does not only put at risk marine life but also human and wildlife. Tourism is also affected in the situation thus, low incomes. The pollution could be chemical, physical or biological mainly caused by human activities. Developing industries are also a big involvement in the situation that has proved to be devastating. In some parts, knowledge of the marine life is limited therefore; they do not realize the dangers that are posed. The harm cause to marine ecosystems is an indirect or direct cause of human activity (Xhelilaj, 2010). When some nutrients are introduced in marines, they cause diseases that affect species all over the ec osystem. For some organisms, these are some of the factors that accelerate their growth. These pollutants then affect marine habitats adversely so that marine life is in danger. Some of these nutrients interrupt food chains within the ecosystems causing adverse danger to marine life. Construction of marines leads to the destruction of habitual life that is very important to marine life. This destruction then causes depopulation of fish in the ocean. Overfishing worsens the situation everyday. When power plants affect the temperature in oceans because of the heat produced in the process. This makes these area affected inhospitable and unfit for the marine environment. The species that are evolved there are then in danger because, they cannot survive in such an environment. Targeting particular species is also an environmental problem that leads to decreasing of the population in the marines. Many chemicals end up in the destruction of marine life. They are taken up by planktons and b enthos which are animals that are feeders within the ocean. This therefore destructs the life in these environments. This means that food chains will be interrupted. These chemicals introduce toxins to the marine life thus posing a danger through the feeding system. Pesticides also become quickly incorporated into food that is taken by marine life. This slowly poisons these animals because, these chemicals are slowly absorbed into the food webs within which they feed. Once in the food, they can cause mutations or even diseases that are dangerous to marine life. This is harmful to human life as well as to marine life thus affecting the whole food web. Toxic metals also introduced can cause biochemistry, unknown change to tissue matter or even affect the reproduction of these animals. Ships are also a source of pollution in marine life. This comes along when they spill oil in oceans thus causing devastating effects. They are toxic to, marine life and the effect could last a long perio d because, oils like crude oil are hard to clean (Katsioloudis, 2010). This means that the oil will last in the ocean for quite some time. Oil is also dark and opaque therefore, oil is blocks plants from sunlight. This denies them the ability to synthesize through population. Thick oil also sticks to some parts of sea animals thus making it difficult for them to perform some function. Sea birds are the most affected because, oil sticks to their wings which makes it

The Canons of Christianity Essay Example for Free

The Canons of Christianity Essay The 20-something year-old new employee bravely asked her new coworker, Are you a Christian? She had bee taught to be strong in her faith and to not have fear in asking such questions. The coworker replied, No, Im not a Christian. Im Catholic. To this answer, the young female apostolate had not been prepared with a response. She returned home that evening confused and questioning the understanding she had of Christianity. The word Christian means Christ-like, or having to do with the Christ (Random, 2006). The larger umbrella of Christianity centers on a faith which follows the life, practices, and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who is also called Jesus Christ; meaning Jesus The Messiah or anointed one (Rutgers, 2005). Unlike Judaism, which is segregated only by Orthodox Jews and non-orthodox Jews, Christianity has grown to be segregated into many denominations; all which follow the teachings of Jesus. Some of these denominations include Catholic, Presbyterian, Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, and many others. Because Christianity has been divided by denominations which each practice their faith in some differential manner, there has been many occasion for confusion or misconception. History The history of the Christian faith traces its beginnings back to the creation of the world in the same manner as Judaism. Both these faith traditions, as well as Islam, are monotheistic religions acknowledging one supreme being or deity. The historical background of Christianity is a shared history with Judaism. Many biblical scholars contend that Christianity began as a Jewish sect. Later, the followers of Christ became so numerous that the two faith followings completely severed connection to each other. The two main reasons for this separation are 1) Christianity came to regard Jesus as in some sense Gods presence in human form; a concept that was unacceptable to the Jewish law, and 2) Judaism is defined by a covenant made between God and the Jewish people. This covenant was solidified through the law. Jesus stated that he came to abolish the old law. Jewish faith believes that following the law is what leads to eternal redemption. Abolishing this set of laws would negate the entire foundation of the Jewish faith. In the New Testament scriptures, Jesus says that there is a new law; to love the Lord your God with all your heart, and soul, and strength. This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it. You should love your neighbor as yourself (NRSV, 2006). This is the law to which the Christian faith adheres. God, The Creator Being a monotheistic faith, Christians believe there is one supreme deity; being God the Creator. The Genesis story of creation has taken on many interpretations including a very literal interpretation, as well as metaphoric interpretations. In either sense, Christianity believes God created all life. There are vast differences between how faiths view the concept of God. Some envision God as being omnipotent and omniscient and not requiring interaction with human beings. The other end of this perception spectrum would be revealed in pantheism; which does not make any distinction between God and the world. Christianity holds a middle ground in maintaining a necessary connection with the Creator. Another large distinction between Christianity and other faith traditions is the concept of the Trinity. While Christianity holds that there is one God, there is the belief that this one God is represented in the triune presence of God the Creator, Jesus the savior who is God in the physical flesh, and God the Holy Spirit represented as God with the human heart. This triune nature of God has been a concept of controversy for many years. There are believers who wholeheartedly believe in the Creator God, yet have difficulty understanding and accepting the Trinity. One scholar best explains this concept through the analogy of a human being. An individual, being one person, can be the child of their parents, sibling to their siblings, and parent to their own children. In this sense, the individual is parent, sibling and child, being only one person with three identities (Corkland, 2004). Jesus Jesus was born into the family lineage of the house of David; which is documented in the first book of the Bible, Genesis. The first five books of the Christian Bible, the Pentateuch, and the first half of the Christian Bible known as the Old Testament, are the same writings that make up the Jewish Torah. However, this is where the two faiths divide. While Judaism acknowledges the Jewish background of the man named Jesus, the Jewish religion does not acknowledge this man to be the messiah. The birth of Jesus fulfilled many of the prophecies of the Old Testament. Prophets from many years and ages had told of one who would be the promised one, the messiah, the Christ. Purportedly born in a stable because there was no room in the inn, and born of an immaculate conception, Jesus fulfilled the prophecies of the Old Testament. Little is mentioned of the young years of the life of Jesus. The scriptures make reference to the virgin birth, Jesus at an early age of around 12 years old, then the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist. This event takes place when Jesus was beginning his earthly ministry; which lasted only 3 years. During this ministry, Jesus called 12 men to follow him and be his disciples. According to the scriptures, these men left their jobs, their homes, and their families and followed Jesus as he taught, until the time of Jesus death and resurrection. Conflict There are many incidents and occurrences within the Christian faith which create opportunity for conflict. Much of this conflict arises from the sacred texts of the Christian faith. Conflicts arise in determining the authenticity of the books of the Christian Bible as well as the authorship of the books. In addition to these conflicts, there is much controversy over the translations and transliterations of the sacred texts. Many scholars of the Bible texts have indicated that the translations from the original text into contemporary verbiage have created inaccuracies and inconsistencies which have allowed these sacred texts to be a source of love and support, as well as hurt, hatred and destruction. Episcopal Bishop John Shelby Spong writes, I had to face openly and admit honestly those things about which most Christians are neither knowledgeable nor aware. I had to document the evil that Christians have so frequently tendered to others in the name of our religion, including the way we have justified violence with biblical quotations (Spong, 2005). Generations have misquoted the Biblical texts to persecute people of specific groups in the name of Christianity and with the Bible being the supporting documentation. In the sermon words of Rev. Kenneth L. Martin, Any text taken out of context becomes someones pretext. Conclusion There are numerous religious traditions celebrated and practiced across the globe. Followers of each religious tradition, regardless of how old the tradition is, have specific foundations and guidelines being adhered to. The followers of each faith tradition believe their tradition is right and beneficial. While the sacred texts of a particular faith, such as Judaism or Christianity, can be back-dated for many years, there remains a contention of the validity of these texts in modern comprehension. There exists no person alive today who heard the spoken words of Jesus of Nazareth. Now faith is the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen (NRSV, 2006). This is the basis of all faith traditions, and certainly is inclusive of the tradition of Christianity. References Corkland, J., 2004, The Nature of God, Bantam Publishing, Ch. 7, pg. 148 NRSV, 2006, Mark 12: 28-34, electronically retrieved on October 19, 2007 from http://www.biblebb.com/files/mac/sg2358.htm NRSV, 2006, Hebrews 11: 1, electronically retrieved on October 19, 2007 from http://www.biblebb.com/files/mac/sg2358.htm Random House, 2006, Random House Unabridged Dictionary, electronically retrieved on October 18, 2007 from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/christian Rutgers, 2005, What is Christianity, electronically retrieved on October, 19, 2007 from http://geneva.rutgers.edu/src/christianity/major.html Spong, J., 2005, The Sins of Scripture; Exposing the Bibles Texts of Hate to Reveal the God of Love, Harper Collins, Ch. 1, pg. 13