Description And Description Of The Vaccine Formulation

4.2.1 Physical approaches As previously reviewed, penetration of substances in the skin is restricted by the SC which acts as a physical barrier, so the topical application of the vaccine formulation alone limits its transport across the skin and thus sufficient immune response is not achieved. Various physical approaches such as electroporation, iontophoresis, abrasions, tape stripping, sonophoresis, micro needles etc have been investigated to increase the penetration of substances across the skin by disrupting SC. Another approach to bypass the barrier function of SC is application of microneedles [53]. A microneedle array contains many micrometer-sized needles that can create a transport pathway large enough for proteins and NPs, but small sufficient to avoid harm [54,55]. Tape-stripping method has been shown to enhance cytotoxic T cell and cytokine immune responses upon subsequent application of various antigens and adjuvants to the skin in mice [56]. Similarly electrode preparation pads, emery paper, rub bing gauze or pumice on the skin removes cells by their abrasive effects and have been found to enhance immune responses in humans [57]. Mild hyperthermia with abrasion enhances transport of antigen into the skin, present it to LCs, migration of activated LCs to lymph nodes and trigger cascade of immune system. 4.2.2 Application of chemical enhancer in transcutenous vaccination Chemical moiety which reduces the barrier function of the stratum corneum is known asShow MoreRelatedSample Resume : Influenza Virus Vaccine918 Words   |  4 PagesName: Influenza Virus Vaccine Trade name: FLUCELVAX ®1 Product Sponsor: Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc.1 Regulatory milestones: 1) BLA submission: November 22, 20111 2) First pre-BLA meeting: July 31, 20071 3) The original BLA submitted in February 2009 was withdrawn to include the results of the clinical endpoint study.1 4) Second pre-BLA meeting: December 15, 20101 5) BLA Approval: November 20, 2012 Pharmacologic Class: Vaccine Introduction and description of the product: FLUCELVAX ®Read MoreStrategies Management Of Pharmaceutical Company1521 Words   |  7 PagesStrategies Management of Pharmaceutical Company GSK (GLASO Smith) Strategies Formulation Introduction GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) is a British multinational shopper medicinal services, antibodies, biologics and pharmaceutical organization. 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